Flat feet, also known as fallen arches, is a condition where the arches of the feet are lower than normal or completely flattened. This can cause the entire sole of the foot to touch the ground when standing. While flat feet are common and often painless, they can sometimes lead to discomfort or problems in the ankles, knees, and hips due to changes in how weight is distributed across the body. Understanding the causes of flat feet is essential for effective management and treatment.
Genetics and Developmental Factors
One of the most common causes of flat feet is genetics. Many people are simply born with feet that have low or absent arches. In infants and toddlers, flat feet are entirely normal, as the arches develop over time, usually forming fully by around age six. However, in some children, the arches never fully develop, leading to a lifelong condition. This form, known as flexible flatfoot, is typically inherited and is usually not associated with pain or other symptoms.
Injury or Trauma
Flat feet can also develop after an injury to the foot or ankle. Damage to the tendons, ligaments, or bones that support the arch can cause the arch to collapse. The posterior tibial tendon, in particular, plays a key role in maintaining the arch. If this tendon becomes inflamed or torn, a condition known as posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, it can lead to adult-acquired flatfoot. This type of flatfoot often develops gradually and may be painful, especially during activity.
Aging and Wear
As we age, the tendons and ligaments in the feet naturally weaken. This weakening can reduce the foot’s ability to support its own structure, leading to a collapse of the arch. Older adults may also develop flat feet due to years of wear and tear, which gradually alter the shape and functionality of the foot. In addition, the fat pads on the soles of the feet thin out with age, contributing to discomfort and changes in foot mechanics.
Obesity and Excess Weight
Carrying excess weight places additional stress on the feet, especially on the arch. Over time, this increased pressure can flatten the arch, particularly in people who already have a predisposition to flat feet. Obesity not only contributes to the development of flat feet but can also exacerbate the symptoms by increasing pain and fatigue in the legs and back.
Medical Conditions
Certain medical conditions are associated with flat feet. People with rheumatoid arthritis, for instance, are at a higher risk due to inflammation that can affect the joints and tendons in the foot. Diabetes can also contribute to flat feet, especially when it leads to nerve damage that alters muscle function. In some cases, conditions like cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or muscular dystrophy, disorders that affect muscle tone and coordination, can lead to flat footedness as well.
Pregnancy and Hormonal Changes
Pregnancy can cause temporary or permanent changes in foot structure. During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that relax the ligaments in preparation for childbirth. These relaxed ligaments, combined with weight gain, can cause the arches of the feet to flatten. For some women, the feet return to normal postpartum, but for others, the change can be lasting.
When to Seek Help
While many people with flat feet experience no discomfort, others may deal with pain, swelling, or alignment issues that affect mobility. If flat feet are accompanied by symptoms or interfere with daily activities, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Custom orthotics, physical therapy, and in rare cases, surgery, can help manage the condition.
At Newton Foot and Ankle Specialists, your feet are our passion. We regularly help patients with flat feet find pain relief and better mobility. If you suspect any kind of foot condition, don’t hesitate to reach out. Contact us today to schedule a consultation and learn more about your treatment options.